Week 8 (Group Project)
Tuesday 10/13
We decided to narrow our focus on women in the workforce - more specifically, working mothers in the workforce and the negative effects they face. We gathered information from a variety of sources in different categories to get a good amount of data to support the negative losses a working mother faces.
Education vs Fertility
https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/228/pdfs/female-education-and-its-impact-on-fertility.pdf
- Educated women generally want to have fewer children than uneducated
- Women with primary education tend to have 0-30% fewer than uneducated
- Women with secondary education tend to have 10-50% fewer children
- US study compared areas by numbers of colleges present, and found that female college graduated have 20% fewer children, on average, than high school graduates
- If higher educated women delay marriage or cohabitation, due to opportunities in labor market, then education reduces their fertility due to age
https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/228/pdfs/female-education-and-its-impact-on-fertility.pdf
- Educated women generally want to have fewer children than uneducated
- Women with primary education tend to have 0-30% fewer than uneducated
- Women with secondary education tend to have 10-50% fewer children
- US study compared areas by numbers of colleges present, and found that female college graduated have 20% fewer children, on average, than high school graduates
- If higher educated women delay marriage or cohabitation, due to opportunities in labor market, then education reduces their fertility due to age
- Average age of first-time mothers in America is up from 21 to 26, while father's increased from 27 to 31
- Number 1 leading reason for delaying children is money, 60% of participants reporting that they're delaying childbearing due to not having enough money, and 51% reporting that they want to earn a higher salary first
- Average family will spend over $13,000 annually per child
- 46% of respondents reported a greater sense of fear around having access to prenatal care
- After women have children, their earning potential drops 20% less than their male counterpart
- For each child a mother has, their earning power drops 4% while the opposite appears to be true for men where their income rises by 6%
Maternity Leave (FMLA)
- Women need leave related to pregnancy and childbirth, having access to job-protected paid leave is particularly important for them
- Paid leave helps women in the labor force when faced with caregiving responsibilities
- Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave in a given year for a newborn or a newly adopted or fostered child
- 59% of employees are eligible to take FMLA leave
- Coverage is also restricted because law's narrow the definition of family
- Less then half of employed women (41%) receive paid maternity leave before or after birth of their child
- 9 out of 10 high-income workers have access to paid sick time, compared with only 5 low-income workers
- 53% of lower-income workers did not receive pay during their most recent FMLA leave, compared with 18% of higher paid workers who received paid leave as part of their employer's benefit package
- 46% of employees who reported that they needed leave for FMLA reported not having been able to take it because the leave would have been unpaid, and they could not give up the earnings
- 16% of private industry workers had access to paid family leave as of 2019
- 88% had access to unpaid family leave
- 11% of workers in the smallest establishments (1 to 49 workers) had access to paid family leave
- 88% had access to unpaid family leave
- 25% of workers in the largest establishments (500 workers or more) had access to paid family leave
- 94% had access to unpaid family leave
- The FMLA provides eligible workers with a federal entitlement to unpaid leave for a limited set of family caregiving needs, no federal law requires private-sector employers to provide paid leave of any kind
- 16% of private-industry employees had access to PFL (separate from other leave categories) through their employer in March 2018
Visual Aids for Topic
- Average age of first-time mothers in America is up from 21 to 26, while father's increased from 27 to 31
- Number 1 leading reason for delaying children is money, 60% of participants reporting that they're delaying childbearing due to not having enough money, and 51% reporting that they want to earn a higher salary first
- Average family will spend over $13,000 annually per child
- 46% of respondents reported a greater sense of fear around having access to prenatal care
- After women have children, their earning potential drops 20% less than their male counterpart
- For each child a mother has, their earning power drops 4% while the opposite appears to be true for men where their income rises by 6%
Maternity Leave (FMLA)
- Women need leave related to pregnancy and childbirth, having access to job-protected paid leave is particularly important for them
- Paid leave helps women in the labor force when faced with caregiving responsibilities
- Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave in a given year for a newborn or a newly adopted or fostered child
- 59% of employees are eligible to take FMLA leave
- Coverage is also restricted because law's narrow the definition of family
- Less then half of employed women (41%) receive paid maternity leave before or after birth of their child
- 9 out of 10 high-income workers have access to paid sick time, compared with only 5 low-income workers
- 53% of lower-income workers did not receive pay during their most recent FMLA leave, compared with 18% of higher paid workers who received paid leave as part of their employer's benefit package
- 46% of employees who reported that they needed leave for FMLA reported not having been able to take it because the leave would have been unpaid, and they could not give up the earnings
- 16% of private industry workers had access to paid family leave as of 2019
- 88% had access to unpaid family leave
- 11% of workers in the smallest establishments (1 to 49 workers) had access to paid family leave
- 88% had access to unpaid family leave
- 25% of workers in the largest establishments (500 workers or more) had access to paid family leave
- 94% had access to unpaid family leave
- The FMLA provides eligible workers with a federal entitlement to unpaid leave for a limited set of family caregiving needs, no federal law requires private-sector employers to provide paid leave of any kind
- 16% of private-industry employees had access to PFL (separate from other leave categories) through their employer in March 2018
Visual Aids for Topic
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